Model number
0029

  

Model for slow ligand binding to 4 independent non-cooperative, identical, sites without reaction.

Description

     A protein with 4 independent binding sites, without cooperatively, can be empty or fully
  saturated with a ligand, i.e., all of its binding sites can be occupied at high 
  concentrations. The fractional saturation is calculated here by three similar means,
  and compared with the result using a Hill coefficient of 2.7. The value is chosen 
  because the Hill equation with nH = 2.7 fits oxyhemoglobin saturation curves well.
 
    The math is based on the equation for single site binding, modified
  in recognition that there are 4 sites available to fill, and when
  one is filled, only 3 remain, reducing the odds from 4 to 3, and so on. The generic 
  substrate is represented here by the liganding molecule O2 and the 4- binding site protein 
  by Hb. Fully occupied oxyhemoglobin is Hb(O2)_4. In the model, the notation HbO = Hb(O2)_1, 
  HbO2 = Hb(O2)_2, etc. At any given ligand concentration all 5 forms of Hb may exist: Hb, HbO, 
  HbO2, HbO3, and HbO4.  The sum of the products of the relative concentrations of each of 
  these times the # of ligands being carried in each form is divided by 4 gives the fractional 
  saturation, SHb.
 
     This model serves as a basis of cooperativity models wherein the filling of the
  first and successive sites causes (by cooperativity = positive feedback through
  molecular conformational rearrangement) successively higher affinities. See Hbcoop.proj, #30.

HbIndep_fractO2 pic1

 

Figure: Fraction of bound hemoglobin:

 

 

Equations

The equations for this model may be viewed by running the JSim model applet and clicking on the Source tab at the bottom left of JSim's Run Time graphical user interface. The equations are written in JSim's Mathematical Modeling Language (MML). See the Introduction to MML and the MML Reference Manual. Additional documentation for MML can be found by using the search option at the Physiome home page.

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References
Hill AV: The diffusion of oxygen and lactic acid through tissues. 
Proc R Soc Lond (Biol) 104: 39-96, 1928.

Adair GS: The hemoglobin system.  VI.  The oxygen dissociation curve of 
hemoglobin. J Biol Chem 63: 529-545, 1925.

Hill AV: The possible effects of the aggregation of the molecules of haemoglobin on its
dissociation curves. J Physiol 40: iv-vii, 1910

Hill R: Oxygen dissociation curves of muscle hemoglobin. Proc Roy Soc Lond B
120: 472-480, 1936.

Keener J and Sneyd J: Mathematical Physiology. New York, NY: 
Springer-Verlag, 1998, 766 pp.

Roughton FJW, Deland EC, Kernohan JC, and Severinghaus JW: Some recent studies of the
oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve of human blood under physiological conditions and the
fitting of the Adair equation to the standard curve. In: Oxygen Affinity of Hemoglobin and
Red Cell Acid Base Status. Proceedings of the Alfred Benzon Symposium IV Held at the
Premises of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen 17-22 May,
1971, edited by Rorth M and Astrup P. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1972, p. 73-81.

Winslow RM, Swenberg M-L, Berger RL, Shrager RI, Luzzana M, Samaja M,and
Rossi-Bernardi L: Oxygen equilibrium curve of normal human blood and its evaluation by
Adair's equation. J Biol Chem 252: 2331-2337, 1977.
Key terms
hemoglobin
oxygen
carbon dioxide
saturation
Haldane
Bohr
acidity
pH
blood gases
Hill equation
solubility
cooperativity
Data
Acknowledgements

Please cite https://www.imagwiki.nibib.nih.gov/physiome in any publication for which this software is used and send one reprint to the address given below:
The National Simulation Resource, Director J. B. Bassingthwaighte, Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195-5061.

Model development and archiving support at https://www.imagwiki.nibib.nih.gov/physiome provided by the following grants: NIH U01HL122199 Analyzing the Cardiac Power Grid, 09/15/2015 - 05/31/2020, NIH/NIBIB BE08407 Software Integration, JSim and SBW 6/1/09-5/31/13; NIH/NHLBI T15 HL88516-01 Modeling for Heart, Lung and Blood: From Cell to Organ, 4/1/07-3/31/11; NSF BES-0506477 Adaptive Multi-Scale Model Simulation, 8/15/05-7/31/08; NIH/NHLBI R01 HL073598 Core 3: 3D Imaging and Computer Modeling of the Respiratory Tract, 9/1/04-8/31/09; as well as prior support from NIH/NCRR P41 RR01243 Simulation Resource in Circulatory Mass Transport and Exchange, 12/1/1980-11/30/01 and NIH/NIBIB R01 EB001973 JSim: A Simulation Analysis Platform, 3/1/02-2/28/07.